International Journal of Experimental Biology
International Journal of Experimental Biology (IJEB) is a peer-reviewed, open-access scholarly journal published by EXPEDITION RESEARCH & EDUCATION HUB (SMC-PRIVATE) LIMITED. The journal is dedicated to advancing knowledge in the field of biosciences by providing a platform for researchers, scientists, and academics to publish high-quality experimental and theoretical research. IJEB aims to promote scientific innovation and interdisciplinary collaboration by disseminating reliable and impactful research findings that contribute to the understanding of biological systems and their applications in medicine, agriculture, biotechnology, and environmental science. The journal publishes original research articles, review papers, short communications, and case studies that present novel experimental findings and scientific insights. By maintaining a rigorous peer-review process and ethical publishing standards, the journal ensures the quality, transparency, and credibility of all published work. The International Journal of Experimental Biology follows a semi-annual publication frequency, releasing two issues per year. The journal welcomes contributions from researchers worldwide and seeks to foster global scientific dialogue in the rapidly evolving field of biosciences.
EXPEDITION RESEARCH & EDUCATION HUB (SMC-PRIVATE) LIMITED
PSYCHOLOGICAL PREDICTORS OF CARDIAC REHABILITATION OUTCOMES: AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH
The paper aims at reviewing the psychological predictors of outcomes in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programs in the framework of an integrative approach. It was a group of cardiac patients undergoing cardiac rehabilitation (CR) making an analysis on how psychological factors, such as depression, anxiety, stress, and coping strategies, influenced the outcome of the rehabilitation. The results indicate that individuals who had higher levels of anxiety and depression recorded slow rates of recovery and high rates of readmission. Furthermore, patients who employed positive coping strategies such as the use of social support and being actively involved in rehabilitation were found to have better treatment adherence and physical and psychological health outcomes. The researchers were also able to find that self-efficacy was an effective predictor of physical and emotional recovery. On increased self-efficacy, there was improvement in the rehabilitation process. Those findings demonstrate the significance of including psychological assessments and treatment in CR programs to enhance patient outcomes in general.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sohail Akram, Mariam Siddiqui (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AUDITORY PROCESSING ABNORMALITIES IN NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
The problem of auditory processing dysfunction has been widely identified in a great number of neurological diseases, but the mechanisms of its appearance and impact are only weakly understood. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the abnormalities in processing auditory information in individuals with the neurological conditions, namely epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, and traumatic brain injury. Fully auditory processing examinations were conducted on a group of 150 patients who were grouped in accordance with their diagnosis and severity of their symptoms. These were auditory brainstem response (ABR), speech-in-noise, and dichotic listening. The findings showed significant errors in auditory discrimination, temporal processing and binaural integration in all the groups of patients, and more serious problems were detected in those with significant cognitive disability. Correlation studies demonstrated that there was a strong correlation between auditory processing lesions and cognitive decline in individuals with multiple sclerosis and traumatic brain lesions. Moreover, patients who had unusual latencies of ABR were also identified in a group of patients, with these latencies being found to correlate with the extent of structural brain damage. These findings highlight the need to identify and provide specialised auditory rehabilitation to patients with the neurological illness at the earlier stage so that they can improve their quality of life and cognitive functions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fahad Ali, Hina Qureshi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES AND THEIR LINK TO CHRONIC DISEASES IN PETS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY ON DIETARY MANAGEMENT AND PREVENTION IN URBAN COMPANION ANIMALS
This paper focuses on the prevalence of nutritional deficiency and its relationship with chronic diseases in city pets. Our cross-sectional study of dogs and cats in the veterinary clinics focused on chronic diseases that are often related to nutritional imbalances, including chronic renal disease, hepatopathies, and gastroenterological diseases. The study used clinical data, dietary self-reported data, and laboratory blood analysis to determine the nutritional status of the animals. The results show that there is significant correlation between phosphorus and vitamin B12 deficits and prevalence of chronic illnesses. It also indicates that the current veterinarian practices are inadequate to address these nutritional risks and emphasizes the importance of early interventions in diets. We have shown that better attention to the nutritional assessment and veterinary training will contribute to the prevention of nutrition-related diseases in companion animals, thereby supporting their health and well-being in the long term.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MOLECULAR PATHWAYS IN MELANOMA PROGRESSION: AN INTEGRATIVE DERMATOLOGIC ONCOLOGY APPROACH
Melanoma, which is a very aggressive type of skin cancer, remains to be a significant clinical challenge due to its complex molecular basis and diverse development pathways. This paper explores the molecular activities which promote the development of melanoma, based on genomes, transcriptomics, and proteomics research. We have found that critical signalling pathways, including the MAPK/ERK, PI3K/AKT and Wnt/ -catenin, are important in promoting the growth, survival and metastasis of the melanoma cells. We also discover novel biomarkers and treatment targets and we emphasize how relationships within the microenvironment of the tumour can predispose the tumour to spread. Through the assistance of the current bioinformatics studies, we have also discovered the significant genetic alterations such as BRAF and NRAS mutations which are significant causes of melanoma development. Importantly, in our study the importance of the immune evasion strategies employed by melanoma cells and their implications on immunotherapy resistance are of crucial importance. To conclude, this integrative strategy will increase our understanding of the molecular biology of melanoma and provide a basis upon which more specific and effective regimens of therapy can be developed.
Copyright (c) 2025 Adeel Farooq, Nimra Shahid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PHARMACOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS IN VETERINARY MEDICINE: EVALUATING THE EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF NOVEL DRUG THERAPIES FOR PAIN MANAGEMENT IN LARGE ANIMAL SURGERY
This research paper evaluates the efficiency and safety of new pharmacological interventions in postoperative pain management in large animal surgery specifically equines and bovines. The paper reviews some of the multimodal analgesic programs that combine traditional drugs, such as NSAIDs and opioids, with new interventions, such as long-acting formulations and specific analgesics. The efficacy of these regimens in the alleviation of pain, reduction of side effects, and recovery was assessed using the randomized controlled trial (RCT) methodology. The study involved the use of subjective pain scale and objective physiological indices to measure the effectiveness of analgesic. Findings indicate that multimodal analgesia is much more effective in pain management and better recovery results, with a reduced number of side effects and satisfied patients. These findings demonstrate that multimodal analgesia would be beneficial in managing pain during large animal surgery, which would prove to be healthier to the animals and would aid them to recover sooner. To have these regimens in clinical practice, their pharmacodynamics and cost-effectiveness require further investigation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hamza Naveed, Saira Mehmood (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SOIL MICROBIOME TRANSFER FROM FOREST ECOSYSTEMS TO AGRICULTURAL LANDS: A BIODIVERSITY-BASED PRODUCTIVITY MODEL
The practise of transferring soil microbiomes in forests to farms is considered in this project in view of the consequences to the atmosphere and agric. The aim is to develop a biodiversity-base productivity model. The experiment involved a mixed-methods design based on a series of 0, 2 and 5 cover boxes of forest soil samples added into degraded agricultural plots. Since we were interested in the diversity of microbes and the main agronomic indicators of how productive crops were such as biomass, yields, and root-shoot ratios we relied on high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing. It was found that the plots with enriched microbiome contained much more microbial diversity and improved crop growth particularly in an increase in the levels of the inoculum. A positive correlation was found between such biodiversity indexes as Shannon diversity index and the productivity. The establishment of the statistical model by means of linear regression revealed that the relationship between microbial diversity and agricultural output is quite significant (y=beta 0+beta1D+e=beta 0+beta 1D+e). This demonstrates that productivity of the whole system can be determined based on biodiversity. The researchers discover that forest microbiomes are such bioenhancing solutions, which may allow restoring soil fertility, making crops more resistant, and reducing chemical inputs. The approach complies with sustainable agricultural practices and could be employed in further agroecosystems.
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE IMPACT OF NANOFERTILIZERS ON NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND ENVIRONMENTAL LEACHING IN RICE SYSTEMS
One of the favorable prospects in making crops more productive and environmental friendly grows around the use of nanofertilizers. This experiment monitored the incident of 20 different nanofertilizer formulations on nutrient uptake, grain yield, and the environmental leaching in the rice systems in a ban controlled experiment. The primary things that were considered included the amount of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) that was absorbed, the N and P that were leached and the amount of grain yield. The findings indicated that the effects of performance were rather divergent between the treatments. NanoFert_5 and NanoFert_13 were most suitable in nutrient uptake, and fruit production with leaching losses that were within moderation range. Nitrogen take up had a significant positive correlation to grain yield (R 2 = 0.72) and nano-urea treatments performed simply within the management of nutrient release. ANOVA statistical test indicated that the effects of treatment were significant in all the variable that was assessed (p < 0.05). The results of regression study revealed that the most significant factors which predicted the grain yield were uptakes of N and K. The data could be easily interpreted through the means of boxplots, scatter plots, hybrid charts, and pie charts. The results indicate that nanofertilizers not only lead to additional utilisation of nutrients, but also reduce the environmental risks to which traditional fertilisation is associated. This qualifies them to be a long-term solution of rice production in the existing precision agriculture systems.
3D MOLECULAR DOCKING COMBINED WITH AI-DRIVEN VIRTUAL SCREENING TO REPURPOSE FDA-APPROVED DRUGS FOR RARE NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES
Drug repurposing presents an efficient and cost-effective pathway for accelerating therapeutic discovery, particularly for rare neurodegenerative diseases where conventional drug development is economically prohibitive and time-intensive. This study proposed a hybrid computational framework combining molecular docking, artificial intelligence (AI)-driven virtual screening, and machine learning classification to identify new therapeutic applications for FDA-approved compounds. Over 200 drugs were screened against validated disease targets using 3D molecular docking, and 20 top candidates were selected based on binding energy thresholds (ΔG < -7.0 kcal/mol). A Random Forest classifier trained on molecular descriptors predicted ADMET properties with 91% accuracy, while SHAP analysis highlighted key features influencing model performance. Further validation using 100 ns molecular dynamics simulations confirmed complex stability for high-ranking compounds. Deep learning models, including graph neural networks, predicted biological activity and toxicity with strong alignment to docking results. Literature-based triangulation identified five candidates with high therapeutic promise and prior pharmacological evidence. The results, visualized through comprehensive tables and 12 analytical plots, emphasize the effectiveness of this integrative pipeline in narrowing down repurposing candidates with both structural viability and clinical relevance. This study provides a replicable, scalable, and intelligent methodology to streamline the drug discovery process, especially for underfunded and neglected disease domains. The proposed pipeline significantly reduces experimental burden while maximizing translational impact, demonstrating that AI-guided drug repurposing is a transformative strategy in modern pharmaceutical research.
NEUROPROSTHETICS IN VETERINARY NEUROLOGY: FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY AND LIMB CONTROL IN PARAPLEGIC DOGS USING IMPLANTED BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACES
Neuroprosthetics, powered by brain-computer interface (BCI) technology, hold great promise in restoring autonomy for individuals with severe motor impairments. This study presents a mixed-method experimental framework combining EEG-based signal decoding with user-centered assessments to evaluate the efficacy and adaptability of non-invasive BCI systems. EEG data collected from motor imagery tasks were processed using Common Spatial Pattern (CSP) and Power Spectral Density (PSD) techniques, followed by classification using Support Vector Machine (SVM) models. The system achieved high performance, with classification accuracies exceeding 90% in multiple participants and substantial gains in precision, recall, and F1-score. Additionally, a passive BCI layer leveraging Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks was implemented to monitor user affective states, providing an adaptive layer that adjusted interaction parameters based on emotional fluctuations. A qualitative component, involving semi-structured interviews and System Usability Scale (SUS) evaluations, revealed high levels of user satisfaction, indicating the interface’s effectiveness in real-world neuroprosthetic scenarios. A total of 9 comprehensive tables and 12 figures were generated, capturing classification outcomes, affective monitoring, and usability metrics. Results underscore the critical role of machine learning in decoding neural intent and enhancing human-computer interaction. The integration of emotional awareness and volitional control within a unified BCI pipeline offers new avenues for user-adaptive neuroprosthetic solutions. This study advances the field by demonstrating a functional, scalable, and emotionally intelligent BCI system capable of restoring motor function while responding to the cognitive and emotional context of the user.
Evaluating the Efficacy of mRNA Vaccine Platforms Against Rapidly Mutating Equine Influenza Virus Strains: A Controlled Comparative Immunogenicity Study
The increasing genetic variability of equine influenza virus (EIV) presents a persistent challenge to effective disease control through traditional vaccine platforms. This study evaluated the immunogenicity, safety, and adaptability of a lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated mRNA vaccine targeting the H3N8 subtype of EIV in a controlled experimental trial involving 30 horses. Subjects were divided into three cohorts (mRNA vaccine, inactivated vaccine, and placebo), and immunological responses were assessed over a 60-day period through ELISA, virus-neutralization assays, flow cytometry, ELISpot, and RT-PCR. Results demonstrated that the mRNA vaccine group elicited significantly higher IgG titers, superior virus-neutralizing activity, and enhanced CD4⁺/CD8⁺ T cell activation compared to controls. Cytokine expression (IFN-γ, IL-4, TNF-α) was significantly elevated, and antibody decay analysis revealed prolonged immune durability. Importantly, the mRNA vaccine also induced robust cross-neutralization against heterologous EIV strains, suggesting broader protective efficacy. Adverse effects were minimal and limited to transient local reactions. Collectively, the findings highlight the potential of mRNA vaccine platforms to address the limitations of traditional immunization strategies by offering rapid adaptability, potent immunity, and a favorable safety profile. This positions mRNA vaccines as a promising next-generation approach for the control of evolving EIV outbreaks and potentially other equine viral threats.
BARRIERS TO EARLY DETECTION OF PEDIATRIC HEARING LOSS IN LOW-RESOURCE SETTINGS: A COMMUNITY BASED STUDY
Early identification of pediatric hearing loss is critical for optimizing language, cognitive, and social development, yet 70% of caregivers in our low-resource study settings exhibited limited awareness (mean awareness score = 3.2 ± 1.1), and only 45% understood the importance of newborn screening. To elucidate context-specific impediments, we conducted a community-based, mixed-methods study involving semi-structured interviews and focus groups with 200 caregivers and 50 community health workers, a structured caregiver survey (n = 200), and cross-sectional audits of 40 primary health centers. Qualitative analysis identified five major barrier themes—awareness, cost, distance, stigma, and training—while quantitative data revealed that 65% of caregivers reported prohibitive travel times (mean = 45 ± 20 min) and out-of-pocket costs (mean = 150 ± 60 local units). Facility audits showed that fewer than half of centers possessed functional otoacoustic emission or auditory brainstem response devices, only 35% had adequately trained personnel, and just 30% maintained clear referral pathways. By integrating thematic frequencies with prevalence metrics, we developed an evidence matrix yielding impact scores (accessibility = 4.2; cost = 3.9 on a 1–5 scale) that pinpoint the most critical failure points in the screening cascade. Correlation analysis demonstrated a positive relationship between caregiver education level and awareness (r = 0.78, p < 0.01). Temporal screening trends and pilot outreach data further suggested that mobile unit deployment and CHW-led education in high-need seasons increased screening uptake by 35%. These findings underscore the necessity of decentralized, subsidized screening models, integration of hearing checks into routine maternal–child health visits, and targeted health literacy campaigns. Implementing such community-driven interventions could substantially reduce diagnostic delays and improve developmental outcomes for children with hearing loss in resource-constrained environments.
IMPACT OF SOIL PH AND ORGANIC CARBON CONTENT ON LEAF MORPHOLOGY AND YIELD INDICES IN HYBRID RICE CULTIVARS
This study investigates the effects of soil pH and organic carbon content on leaf morphology and yield indices in hybrid rice cultivars, aiming to identify optimal soil conditions for maximizing crop productivity. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) field experiment was conducted using three hybrid rice cultivars grown under varying soil pH levels (acidic, neutral, and alkaline) and organic carbon concentrations (low, medium, and high). Key morphological traits—leaf length, width, area, and specific leaf weight—alongside yield components such as 1000-grain weight and total grain yield, were systematically measured. The results demonstrated that neutral pH (6.5–7.0) combined with medium-to-high organic carbon content significantly enhanced leaf development and photosynthetic traits. Cultivars grown under these optimal conditions exhibited longer and wider leaves, greater leaf area, and higher chlorophyll content, contributing to improved assimilate production and translocation. Furthermore, a marked increase in grain yield was observed under these conditions, with the highest 1000-grain weight and yield per hectare recorded in cultivars HR2 and HR3. Statistical analyses confirmed strong positive correlations between organic carbon levels, leaf traits, and grain yield. Figures and heatmaps illustrated the interconnectedness of soil properties, morphological responses, and yield outputs, emphasizing the importance of edaphic factors in determining crop performance. These findings highlight the necessity of integrating soil pH regulation and organic matter enrichment into sustainable nutrient management practices. Overall, this study provides actionable insights for optimizing rice cultivation strategies, enhancing both productivity and soil health in diverse agroecosystems.
NEUROCOGNITIVE SEQUELAE OF GENERAL ANESTHESIA IN ELDERLY PATIENTS: A LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS OF POSTOPERATIVE COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION (POCD) AND NEUROINFLAMMATION BIOMARKERS
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is an increasingly recognized complication among elderly patients undergoing general anesthesia, with neuroinflammation emerging as a key mechanistic contributor. This longitudinal, mixed-methods study investigated the incidence, trajectory, and biological underpinnings of POCD in 300 patients aged ≥65 undergoing elective non-cardiac surgery. Cognitive assessments (MMSE, MoCA, Trail Making Tests A and B) were conducted preoperatively and at 7 days, 1 month, and 3 months postoperatively. A number of fifty subjects had cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sampling to examine brain inflammation while blood levels of particular pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) were evaluated during four time periods. Three weeks after the procedure, the number of hospital patients with POCD had dropped; 31.6% had POCD at seven days but only 10.3% had it at the three-month mark. Cognitive ability dropped a lot after surgery; however, partial recovery was made three months later. In both of these fluids, IL-6 went up mainly 24 hours after the surgery and closely correlated with how severe the POCD was. After applying logistic regression, age 75 or above, elevated IL-6 within 24 hours, dropping blood pressure during surgery, poor quality of sleep and delirium following surgery were the independent risk factors for POCD. Such interviews revealed that main psychosocial effects in cancer patients can be emotional distress, less effective communication and weak coping strategies. According to this study, we notice that POCD is complex, how neuroinflammation forms a key role and how certain cytokine biomarkers might offer early detection and risk evaluation. The findings point out that older individuals need tailored pre-, intra- and post-operative care with cognitive checks, monitoring for inflammation and assistance from different healthcare professionals. Concern for cognitive health must always be a main focus in planning surgeries since seniors are becoming a bigger segment of the population.
CHARACTERIZING VECTOR DYNAMICS AND TICK-BORNE DISEASE TRANSMISSION IN FREE-RANGING DOGS IN RURAL AREAS
The present research investigated the dynamics of vectors and transmission of tick-borne diseases in free-ranging dogs in the rural setting by using a comprehensive mixed-methods approach. We examined 450 dogs and tick prevalence was 78 percent in males and 82 percent in adult dogs. The most prevalent tick species was Rhipicephalus sanguineus, constituting 58% of the ticks collected. The most prevalent pathogen was Ehrlichia canis (27.8%), followed by Anaplasma platys (21.3%), Babesia vogeli (16%), and Rickettsia spp. (13.1%). Multi-infected dogs were 9 percent. The multivariate logistic regression model demonstrated that adult age, poor body condition, high tick burden, proximity to animals, and unrestrained roaming behavior are important predictors of pathogen positive (p<0.001). Advanced warmth, moisture, and vegetation cover were also strongly interrelated with increased tick density (p<0.001). In a sociocultural research, it was identified that 74 percent of dogs were allowed to roam freely and only 18 percent of owners employed some form of tick control. Spatial analysis additionally indicated the regional hotspots of the disease, particular close to livestock and animal environments. These findings demonstrate the significance of free-ranging dogs as reservoirs and amplifiers of tick-borne diseases in rural environments. The research leads to the strongly vital demand of extensive One Health initiatives to integrate vector control, community education, veterinary management, and environmental monitoring to mitigate the zoonotic threats associated with tick-borne diseases in the countryside.
POST-TREATMENT RELAPSE RATES IN CANINE BABESIOSIS: A CLINICAL AND HEMATOLOGICAL STUDY
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the post-treatment relapse incidences of canine babesiosis by means of an extensive clinical, hematological and molecular approach including 120 naturally infected dogs. The dogs were all treated with standardised diminazene aceturate or imidocarb dipropionate and followed up by serial clinical examination, hematological profiling, biochemical analysis and quantitative PCR to determine parasite load over a 90 day period. Baseline hematology indicated severe anemia (mean hemoglobin 7.2 g/dL) and thrombocytopenia but the patient improved after therapy. Molecular diagnostics also revealed that some patients, even in the instance when they were better, still had low-level parasitemia. acted on eighteen percent of dogs, with most relapsing within 30 to 60 days of treatment. Multivariate analysis showed that baseline parasitemia (>20,000 copies/mL), purebred, diminazene administration, and elevated CRP levels on day 14 were independent risk factors of relapse (p<0.05). Biochemical abnormalities (elevated levels of ALT, AST, and bilirubin) were back to the normal range on day 90. Immune profiling revealed that CRP and SAA were extremely higher in relapsing dogs. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve indicated that relapse-free survival was continually decreasing and the majority of relapses occurred within 60 days. These findings demonstrate the complexity of the processes of babesiosis relapse, the inability of the existing methods to eradicate the parasites in some cases, and the necessity of molecular diagnosis, individual approach to treatment, and extended observation to reduce the chances of relapse in the regions where the tick-borne disease is endemic.
CONSTRUCTING ARTIFICIAL GENETIC CIRCUITS TO CONTROL CELL FATE IN STEM CELL LINES
The precise control of stem cell fate through engineered genetic circuits represents a significant advancement in synthetic biology with broad implications for regenerative medicine, disease modeling, and tissue engineering. In this study, we designed and implemented modular synthetic gene networks capable of directing cellular differentiation, maintaining pluripotency, and regulating gene expression in human stem cell lines. Our results demonstrate that the engineered circuits exhibited rapid and robust activation in response to diverse inducers, with the light-responsive system showing the shortest response time. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed significant upregulation of pluripotency markers such as OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG in circuit-modified cells, while DNA methylation analysis indicated epigenetic remodeling conducive to an undifferentiated state. I found that specific pathways pushed cells to differentiate into either neural or cardiac cells with higher success. Strong reporter activity and lasting signaling over time suggested the circuit remains functional. In addition, exploration with sensitivity tests and microfluidic equipment indicated that changing environmental conditions can be handled better by synthetic biology in cell fate choices. Examining the transcriptomes of individual cells, it was found that turning to circuits changed how cells behaved, while using computer modeling and machine learning made the design simpler and more accurate. The findings together reveal that synthetic circuits function reliably in stem cell control. The results of this research will support new forms of bioengineering and developmental systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mashal Shahzadi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT IRRIGATION METHODS ON YIELD AND WATER PRODUCTIVITY OF MUNGBEEN
Background There is substantial variation in crop yields and corresponding water productivity of different crops as well as for the same crop grown in different parts of the world. Soil moisture is the supremely critical and greatly mutable component of the crop root zone environs. Therefore, water must be used wisely and efficiently by adopting water conservation technologies to enhance crop yield as well as water productivity. Methodology A research experiment was piloted to compare water use efficiency and crop yield (Mungbean) by using three different irrigation methods i.e. flood vs sprinkler irrigation via center-pivot system vs sprinkler irrigation via hose reel. Results The No. of branches produced under central pivot system were minimum (12.3±1.1), but pod length was greater than other treatments and No. of grains pod-1 were statistically similar to other treatments. The grain yield of mungbean grown under different water application methods was not vary statistically, however was slightly higher under flood irrigation. The water productivity was 0.41 kg m-3, 0.41 kg m-3 and 0.38 kg m-3 for flood, central pivot system and for hose reel treatment, respectively. Conclusion Grain yield and water efficiency of different treatments were statistically similar to each other, however center-pivot irrigation system has an advantage to utilize input(s) efficiently with control of weed infestation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Manzoor, Muhammad Mohsan, Hafiz Muhammad Bilal, Muhammad Sohaib Abdullah Khan, Habib ur Rehman, Mujahid Ali, Asif Iqbal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CROSS-REACTIVITY OF AUTOANTIBODIES IN LUPUS AND SCLERODERMA OVERLAP SYNDROMES
Lupus-scleroderma overlap syndromes represent a complex subgroup of systemic autoimmune diseases characterized by concurrent clinical and serological features of both systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and systemic sclerosis (SSc). This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and cross-reactivity of autoantibodies in patients with SLE, SSc, and lupus-scleroderma overlap syndromes to uncover shared immunological mechanisms contributing to disease overlap. A cross-sectional analysis of 120 patients revealed that individuals with overlap syndromes exhibited significantly high co-positivity for anti-U1RNP (80%), anti-RNP (65%), and anti-Ro/SSA (50%), indicating strong serological convergence. In contrast, anti-dsDNA antibodies were most prevalent in SLE patients (78%), while anti-Scl-70 and anti-centromere antibodies dominated in SSc (60% and 50%, respectively). Cross-reactivity analysis showed a notable overlap in autoantibody pairs, particularly anti-U1RNP with anti-Sm (70%) and anti-RNP with anti-Scl-70 (55%), suggesting functional or structural mimicry between target antigens. Clinically, overlap syndrome patients presented with blended symptoms, including Raynaud’s phenomenon (75%), lupus nephritis (50%), and arthritis (65%), highlighting the diagnostic complexity of these cases. Patients with overlap syndrome tended to be in their forties and had high positivity for ANA antibodies. According to these studies, overlap syndromes are linked to cross-reactive autoantibodies and suggest that patients with mixed autoimmune signs should be examined thoroughly with a variety of serological tests. With this research, experts gain new information that can lead to better identification and treatment of SLE and SSc overlap conditions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hassan Yar Mahsood , Dr. Humayun (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ENGINEERED YEAST STRAINS FOR SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION OF ANTIMALARIAL DRUG PRECURSORS
The growing global demand for artemisinin-based antimalarial therapies necessitates the development of sustainable and scalable methods for precursor production. This study presents the systematic metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the biosynthesis of amorphadiene, a key precursor to artemisinin. Four yeast strains (Y-AM1 to Y-AM4) were progressively engineered through heterologous gene integration, promoter modulation, pathway optimization, and transcriptional fine-tuning. Among these, strain Y-AM4 exhibited the highest amorphadiene titer at 310 mg/L in batch fermentation, representing a substantial improvement over initial constructs. Transcriptomic analysis revealed significant upregulation of pivotal genes such as HMGR and ERG20, directly correlating with enhanced precursor flux. Further enhancement was achieved through adaptive laboratory evolution, which improved growth rate, biomass yield, and stress tolerance. Fed-batch fermentation of the evolved strain increased amorphadiene production to 455 mg/L, a 47% improvement over batch cultivation. The analysis showed that the engineered pathway produced a product that was at least 96% pure. By combining gene expression studies and pathway analyses, the team developed a series of engineering steps and found different regulation in the strains of different productivity. When genetic changes are combined with improving bioprocesses, producing the needed chemicals is more affordable and practical than using plants. This study proves that yeasts engineered for biosynthesis can turn out valuable antimalarial drugs with greater strength and significantly lower costs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Saad Abdullah , Rizwan Ullah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
USING ENVIRONMENTAL DNA (EDNA) FOR BIODIVERSITY MONITORING IN ENDANGERED AMPHIBIANS
Environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis has emerged as a transformative approach for biodiversity monitoring, particularly for endangered amphibians facing global population declines. This study investigated the efficacy of eDNA-based methodologies across multiple freshwater habitats to detect amphibian presence, assess biodiversity patterns, and evaluate environmental parameters influencing detection success. Our multi-site analysis revealed that eDNA offers superior sensitivity in detecting rare and cryptic amphibian species compared to traditional visual encounter methods. From single water samples, multiple species were reliably identified, with consistent detection across technical replicates, reinforcing the method’s reproducibility. DNA concentration levels correlated positively with moderate water temperatures and near-neutral pH values, indicating optimal detection windows. Spatial analyses demonstrated higher species richness in shaded, less disturbed wetland sites, while primer evaluation identified the mitochondrial 16S rRNA marker as the most effective for broad taxonomic resolution. Higher concentrations of peony dormant buds were seen in the spring and progressed into early summer. Adding eDNA records together with environmental metadata and earlier studies proved the current locations of species and found new locality information. Throughout the study, several figures and tables summarize changes in eDNA signal, number of species and variable factors in different habitats. The results show that monitoring amphibians with eDNA is strong, reliable, non-damaging and highly suitable for conservation planning that involves looking carefully at biodiversity. For eDNA to be used to its utmost in conservation science, standardized procedures in sampling and analysis, plus larger databases and more citizen science, are required.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zia Ur Rehman , Muhammad Waqar Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ETHICAL ISSUES IN GENETIC ENGINEERING AND HUMAN CLONING
Some of the most essential and disputable innovations of the modern biomedical science are genetic engineering and cloning of people. New technologies transform the sense of being alive and they shape what we are, creating prominently tough moral, social and legal questions that should be analyzed in a logical manner.In the current study, a multi-dimensional ethical decision-making framework with case-based reasoning, stakeholders analysis, and a novel model, the Ethical Impact Score (EIS) will be utilized. We examined such case studies as CRISPR-based genome editing and therapeutic cloning by using weighted ethical considerations. A five point system was developed to analyze every case with regard to moral concepts like autonomy, consent and fairness.As the results indicate, the moral complexity of various genetic technology applications may be extremely different. The high EIS values were obtained in incidences where the embryos were manipulated or cloned to give birth a factor that implies more moral risks. On the contrary, the EIS values were not high in the case of therapeutic interventions, thus making them more socially acceptable than their clinical advantages. Stakeholder research indicated that scientific optimism is immensely different to the pessimism by people. Such a discrepancy exists primarily because of culturally, legally, and religiously contingent forms with which people perceive risk. The policy analysis revealed that the regulations were inconsistent; this indicated that the world was not in unison.This paper concludes that there is a lot of potential use of genetic engineering in treating diseases and using it to enhance human beings but the way it has been guided ethically is not good yet and is not well-structured. What we require are harmonized regulations bringing together ethical propensing and scientific advancement at this very moment. The proposed Ethical Impact Score presents a scalable and evidence-based future-oriented framework of making bioethical decisions. In order to ensure that these technologies are allowed to develop responsibly and not harm human dignity and social justice in the face of impulsive biotechnological development, installing proactive and inclusive oversight mechanisms will be very crucial.
Copyright (c) 2023 Abdul Waheed Shah, Ezza Fatima (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PERSONALIZED DRUG DEVELOPMENT: TAILORING THERAPIES FOR INDIVIDUAL GENETIC PROFILES
Personalized drug development has emerged as a transformative approach in precision medicine, shifting the focus from standardized treatment protocols to therapies tailored to individual genetic profiles. This paradigm aims to enhance therapeutic efficacy, minimize adverse drug reactions, and improve clinical outcomes by integrating genomic, environmental, and lifestyle information into treatment planning.This study explores the application of pharmacogenomics, gene editing technologies (such as CRISPR-Cas9), and next-generation sequencing (NGS) in developing personalized therapeutics. The methodology involved a comprehensive review and synthesis of advancements in genomic profiling, enzyme polymorphism analysis, and gene-targeted drug design. The investigation also includes modeling of genotype-drug interactions and proposed workflows to optimize drug selection and dosing strategies.Results indicate that genetic variability in drug-metabolizing enzymes, especially those in the CYP450 family, significantly influences drug efficacy and toxicity. Pharmacogenomic testing demonstrated strong predictive value in selecting appropriate therapeutic agents and dosages for patients across various domains including oncology, cardiology, and neuropharmacology. The integration of genomic technologies was shown to improve the precision of treatment while reducing healthcare costs related to adverse reactions and trial-and-error prescribing.The study concludes that while personalized drug development offers substantial clinical benefits, its implementation is hindered by ethical, regulatory, and accessibility challenges. Safeguarding genetic privacy, updating regulatory frameworks, and ensuring equitable access to genomic tools are critical for the widespread adoption of this model. Overall, personalized medicine is poised to redefine modern therapeutics, enabling safer and more effective treatment pathways aligned with individual biological variation.
Copyright (c) 2023 Sumaiya Sundus, Rizwan Ullah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE ROLE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN DEVELOPING TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS FOR CANCER THERAPY
Cancer remains one of the larger health issues within the world and it claims the lives of many people since conventional chemotherapy is not extremely effective, and it could even be harmful to the entire body. With the use of biotechnology it has now become practical to develop a targeted drug delivery system (TDDS) whereby drugs are only released to those parts of the body where it is needed more and this makes the drug more effective and has less side effects.The paper examines how biotechnology has enhanced nanoparticle engineering, ligand mediated targeting and gene based vectors to TDDS. This was done through a comprehensive comparison of nanoparticle platforms, tumor-specific ligands, pharmacokinetic properties and gene therapy vectors. This was followed by the representation aspects of the visual and tabular modeling to evaluate the effectiveness, safety and individualization of the therapies.The findings showed that nanoparticle based systems such as liposomes, dendrimers, and antibody drug conjugates performed much better in entrapment of drugs, enhancing their half-life, and delivery of them at the correct place compared to conventional methods. TDDS produced using individualized genetic mutations of every patient was more deliverable and less toxic. The use of stimuli-responsive delivery devices which react to pH, temperature as well as enzymes also proved effective in enhancing the mechanism of drug delivery within the tumor. The adverse effects were lesser and that it worked well especially in people with other types of cancer.In conclusion, the idea to combine biotechnology with targeted delivery is a revolutionary cancer treatment mechanism. Based on the research it can be seen that there is plenty of therapeutic potential of TDDS to make things more accurate, less risky and more individualized. However, they still have issues to address, such as tumor heterogeneity, off-target biodistribution, and possibilities of scale up production. The only way to standardize these results into patient centered cancer therapies will be to continue to generate new ideas and collaborate trans-disciplinary..
Copyright (c) 2023 Saad Abdullah, Zia Ur Rehman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
GROWTH-PROMOTING POTENTIAL OF INDIGENOUS ALGAE ON DIFFERENT BASMATI RICE VARIETIES
The use of indigenous algal strains as sustainable biofertilizers in rice-based systems offers a promising strategy to enhance crop performance while minimizing environmental impact. This study evaluated the growth-promoting potential of locally isolated algae—Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus obliquus, and Anabaena sp.—on three Basmati rice varieties (Punjab Basmati, Kissan Basmati, and Chenab Basmati) under controlled greenhouse conditions. A completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments (including a mixed algal consortium) was applied, and data on morphological, physiological, and soil parameters were collected. Results revealed that the algal consortium significantly outperformed individual treatments and the control, leading to marked increases in plant height, number of tillers, leaf area, chlorophyll content (SPAD), and biomass accumulation. Punjab Basmati exhibited the greatest response across most parameters. Post-harvest soil analysis indicated improvements in organic matter content and available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, with minimal change in soil pH. These findings highlight the synergistic effect of combined algal strains in promoting rice growth through nutrient mobilization and phytohormonal activity. The study confirms that indigenous algae are effective, eco-friendly inputs for enhancing Basmati rice growth and improving soil fertility. Adoption of algal biofertilizers may reduce reliance on chemical inputs, promote resource use efficiency, and support the sustainability of rice-based agroecosystems..
Copyright (c) 2023 Muhammad Asad Hameed, Irfan Ahmad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EVALUATING TOLERANCE OF WILD OAT (AVENA FATUA) TO CONTROLLED WATER DEFICIT REGIMES
Wild oat (Avena fatua L.) is a competitive annual weed that thrives in temperate and semi-arid agroecosystems, where water availability often limits crop productivity. This study aimed to evaluate the growth, physiological, and reproductive responses of A. fatua under controlled water deficit conditions to identify potential moisture thresholds for weed suppression. A pot experiment was conducted using four irrigation regimes based on field capacity (FC): 100%, 80%, 60%, and 40%. Key traits including plant height, tiller number, shoot and root dry biomass, relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm), stomatal conductance (gs), and reproductive attributes were measured. Results indicated a consistent decline in all parameters with increasing water stress. RWC and Fv/Fm dropped significantly under 60% and 40% FC, indicating impaired physiological functioning. Seed yield per plant was reduced by over 50% at 40% FC compared to full irrigation. These outcomes suggest that A. fatua is moderately drought-sensitive, with 60% FC representing a physiological tipping point. Despite some adaptive responses such as increased root allocation and reduced stomatal conductance, severe water stress constrained reproductive success. These findings suggest that regulated deficit irrigation could suppress A. fatua competitiveness and reproduction without chemical inputs, offering a sustainable weed management strategy. Further field validation is needed to assess long-term weed seedbank depletion under variable rainfall and irrigation schedules..
Copyright (c) 2023 Muneeba, Muhammad Suleman Aziz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN BIOTECHNOLOGY: INNOVATIONS IN DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS AND DIAGNOSTICS
Nanotechnology has revolutionized the field of biotechnology by enabling unprecedented precision in drug delivery and diagnostics. Through the manipulation of materials at the nanoscale, it has become possible to overcome traditional therapeutic limitations such as poor solubility, rapid degradation, and nonspecific targeting. This research investigates innovative applications of nanoparticle-based systems—including liposomes, dendrimers, micelles, and polymeric nanoparticles—designed to enhance therapeutic efficacy and diagnostic sensitivity.A systematic simulation-driven methodology was employed to analyze nanoparticle performance across a variety of biomedical scenarios. Controlled release kinetics, targeting efficiency, biocompatibility, diagnostic accuracy, and cost-efficiency were examined through mathematical modeling and experimental validation pipelines. The study integrated sustained drug release equations and nanoparticle engineering principles to map drug behavior in chronic and genetic disease contexts.Results demonstrated that polymeric nanoparticles and dendrimers significantly improved therapeutic outcomes across cancer, diabetes, and genetic disorders due to superior targeting capabilities and prolonged release profiles. Diagnostic systems utilizing gold nanoparticles and quantum dots showed enhanced sensitivity and specificity when compared to conventional methods. Moreover, gene therapy delivery platforms using nanoparticles achieved consistent success rates above 80%, while maintaining low variability across trials.The findings confirm that nanotechnology not only advances drug efficacy and precision diagnostics but also facilitates personalization in therapeutic regimens. However, challenges such as regulatory ambiguity, scale-up reproducibility, and long-term safety must be addressed to enable widespread clinical integration. This research underscores the transformative potential of nanotechnology in reshaping modern medicine and paves the way for synergistic innovations through integration with artificial intelligence and gene editing technologies. The convergence of these domains holds promise for ushering in an era of truly individualized and responsive healthcare systems..
Copyright (c) 2023 Abdul Waheed Shah, Ezza Fatima, Saad Abdullah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
TRANSLATING BIOMARKER DISCOVERY INTO CLINICAL PRACTICE: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
Biomarker discovery has emerged as a transformative element in the evolution of precision medicine, enabling early disease detection, individualized treatment strategies, and real-time monitoring of therapeutic efficacy. While advancements in genomics, proteomics, and bioinformatics have accelerated the identification of potential biomarkers, translating these discoveries into clinical practice remains a formidable challenge.This study employs a multidisciplinary approach to assess the key barriers and enablers in biomarker translation, combining an extensive literature review, simulated data modeling, and visualization of diagnostic performance across multiple dimensions. Simulated datasets were generated to evaluate sensitivity, specificity, and clinical utility scores of various biomarkers under differing economic and population scenarios. Complex visualizations were used to highlight trends in biomarker effectiveness, cost-efficiency, and translational viability.The results indicate that clinical validation, regulatory uncertainty, and economic inaccessibility are the primary bottlenecks in biomarker implementation. Simulations revealed that high-performing biomarkers often suffer from low adoption due to lack of standardized protocols and unclear reimbursement pathways. Additionally, advanced figures demonstrated substantial variability in biomarker utility across clinical conditions, with cost-effective yet clinically robust biomarkers identified through composite ranking strategies.In conclusion, the study underscores the critical need for standardized validation frameworks, real-world evidence integration, and public-private partnerships to reduce the translational gap. It also advocates for the integration of artificial intelligence in biomarker discovery pipelines and calls for health policy reforms to ensure equitable access. Bridging the divide between laboratory innovation and clinical implementation will be vital in actualizing the promise of biomarker-based precision medicine and achieving more targeted, effective, and sustainable healthcare delivery..
Copyright (c) 2023 Zafar Aleem Suchal, Rabia Kiran (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS: TARGETED THERAPEUTICS FOR PRECISION MEDICINE
Nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative force in drug delivery, offering precision targeting, enhanced bioavailability, and reduced systemic toxicity. By engineering nanocarriers at the molecular scale, it becomes possible to overcome traditional therapeutic limitations such as poor solubility, nonspecific distribution, and rapid degradation. These advancements hold profound implications for precision medicine, particularly in the treatment of cancer, neurological disorders, and infectious diseases.In this study, a comprehensive analysis was conducted on various nanocarrier systems including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, micelles, and dendrimers. These systems were evaluated based on parameters such as particle size, surface charge, drug loading efficiency, and release kinetics. Methodologically, the study applied both experimental data synthesis and computational modeling to assess nanocarrier performance under diverse physiological conditions. Smart nanocarriers—responsive to pH, temperature, enzymes, and magnetic fields—were also considered for their controlled release capabilities and site-specific delivery potential.The results demonstrate that functionalized nanocarriers significantly improve therapeutic index by enhancing drug retention at target sites and minimizing off-target effects. Smart stimuli-responsive carriers exhibited superior performance in dynamic release and payload control. Bioavailability, targeting specificity, and drug release profiles were consistently optimized across the tested platforms, validating the adaptability and efficacy of nanotechnology in drug delivery.In conclusion, the integration of nanotechnology into therapeutic protocols represents a major leap toward individualized, responsive, and minimally invasive treatment modalities. Future innovations such as AI-assisted nanocarrier design, real-time adaptive delivery, and patient-specific formulation hold the promise of revolutionizing modern pharmacotherapy and enabling truly personalized medicine..
Copyright (c) 2023 Rizwan Ullah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY: BIOREMEDIATION STRATEGIES FOR POLLUTION CONTROL AND SUSTAINABILITY
Environmental pollution poses one of the most pressing threats to ecosystem integrity, public health, and sustainable development worldwide. Conventional remediation methods, though effective in certain contexts, often result in secondary pollution, high operational costs, and limited long-term efficacy. As a sustainable alternative, environmental biotechnology—specifically bioremediation utilizes biological agents such as microorganisms, plants, and enzymes to degrade, transform, or immobilize contaminants in soil, water, and air.This study examines the application of three major bioremediation strategies: microbial degradation, phytoremediation, and enzyme-assisted pollutant breakdown. A combination of comparative analysis and simulated environmental conditions was used to evaluate the efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and ecological safety of these approaches. The methodology integrated biological kinetics, contaminant degradation models, and environmental performance assessments to identify the optimal remediation pathways.The results demonstrated that microbial bioremediation achieved the highest pollutant reduction rates, particularly for petroleum hydrocarbons and organic solvents. Phytoremediation showed significant heavy metal uptake, while enzyme-based systems facilitated rapid degradation of pesticides and persistent organic compounds. Combined bio-treatment approaches provided enhanced outcomes under multi-contaminant conditions.This research highlights the potential of bioremediation as a core strategy for pollution control, especially in scenarios requiring sustainable, low-impact interventions. While current limitations include slower degradation for recalcitrant pollutants and variable performance under fluctuating environmental conditions, advancements in genetic engineering, nanotechnology, and real-time monitoring are paving the way for more efficient and targeted bioremediation systems. The study concludes that integrating biological remediation techniques into mainstream environmental management can play a critical role in achieving global sustainability and ecological restoration goals..
Copyright (c) 2023 Zia Ur Rehman, Mashal Shahzadi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES IN SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE: ENHANCING CROP RESILIENCE THROUGH GENETIC ENGINEERING
Genetic engineering has transformed farming in contemporary society by providing us with a new choice of methods on how better to inculcate crop-resistance to pests, enhanced nutritional content and greater potential productivity in the light of climate change and climate food security concerns. Gene-editing technologies such as CRISPR-Cas9 and transgenic technologies have enabled the precision that traditional breeding cannot achieve as gene alterations can be done precisely.In this research, genetically modified (GM) crops were developed, considering it as an integrated approach with the implementation of multiple methods in order to develop it such as selecting traits, genome editing, molecular transformation, and post-integration screening, which is able to resist stress and capable of increased yield. We have utilized experimental tests as well as bioinformatics instrumentations to examine the effectiveness of the traits, creation of yield and resistance measurements under various ecological conditions.It was found that in major agricultural regions the modification of the crops performed better than the traditional crop every time. As an illustration, the efficiencies of traits were between 75% and 90%, and yields augmented by up to 35% in drought-prone, salty and pest-prone regions. The genetically engineered varieties were even better since these varieties had a higher nutritional value and resistance indices. The visualisation and statistical output of the hybrid demonstrated that the engineering process could be iterated as well as scaled up.In brief, this research demonstrates that genetic engineering can come in handy when creating food systems that are both climate resistant and healthier to eat. The process of methodology outlined here can be utilized to serve as the model to the future endeavor of crop-improvement. Getting regulatory approval and ensuring the environment is safe are still areas of problems but the results provide us with useful information that will assist us to employ biotechnology more extensively in sustainable agriculture. The best possible use of the genetic innovation should ensure that the future initiatives are organized to achieve an educational population, formulate coherent policy frameworks and inconsistent validation of the outcomes in that field in the long run.
Copyright (c) 2023 Muhammad Shafique, Faran Muhammad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0